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The Papal Bull is the instrument which founded the University. It was issued by Pope Nicholas V on 7 January 1451 and was officially received in Glasgow on 20 June that year.

The University has been without its original Bull, issued by Pope Nicholas V in 1451, since the mid-sixteenth century. In 1560, during the political unrest accompanying the Scottish Reformation, the then chancellor, Archbishop James Beaton, a supporter of the Marian cause, fled to France taking with him for safe-keeping many of the archives and valuables of the Cathedral and the University, including the Mace and the Bull. Although the Mace was sent back in 1590 the archives were not. Principal Dr James Fall told the Parliamentary Commissioners of Visitation on 28 August 1690, that he had seen the Bull at the Scots College in Paris, together with the many charters granted to the University by the Kings and Queens of Scotland from James II to Queen Mary. The University enquired of these documents in 1738 but was informed by Thomas Innes and the superiors of the Scots College, that the original records of the foundation of the University were not now to be found. If they had not been lost by this time they certainly went astray during the French Revolution when the Scots College was itself under threat and its records and valuables were moved for safe-keeping out of the city of Paris. Nevertheless, the Bull remains the authority by which the University awards degrees.
Open a large image of the Papal Bull.

Note on the date of the Bull

Throughout the middle ages, Western Europe used the Julian calendar, consisting of 365 days with an extra day every fourth year. By this calendar New Year's Day was 25 March, i.e. 24 March 1450 was followed by 25 March 1451. This, the Feast of the Blessed Virgin Mary, was precisely 9 months before Christmas Day. Pope Gregory XIII began his reformation of the calendar in 1582 and his 'Gregorian' calendar is still the one most popularly used in the western world today. His reforms included a loss of ten days, adopted in Scotland and England in 1751 and the beginning of a new year on 1 January. In Scotland, 31 December 1599 was followed by 1 January 1600 but the change did not take place in England until 1 January 1752. Therefore in dating the University's Papal Bull, it is 1450 by the Julian calendar but 1451 by the Gregorian one.

The Papal Bull translated into English

NICHOLAS the Bishop, servant of the servants of God, for perpetual memory of the fact. Amongst other blessings which mortal man is able in this transient life by the gift of God to obtain, it is to be reckoned not among the least, that by assiduous study he may win the pearl of knowledge, which shows him the way to live well and happily, and by the preciousness thereof makes the man of learning far to surpass the unlearned, and opens the door for him clearly to understand the mysteries of the Universe, helps the ignorant, and raises to distinction those that were born in the lowest place. And therefore, the Apostolic See, the prudent administrator of spiritual as well as temporal things, and the steady and unfailing friend of every commendable undertaking, to the end that men may be moved more readily to win so lofty a height of human condition, and when won, dispense it again to others, always with increase thereof, encourages some, prepares places for others, aids and fosters others, and loads them with gracious favours. Forasmuch, therefore, as it was lately shown to us on behalf of our dearest son in Christ, James, the illustrious King of Scots, that the said King, laudably intending not only the weal of the commonwealth, and indwellers and inhabitants of the country subject to him, but also the other parts neighbouring thereto, was very desirous that a university, with every lawful faculty, should be set up and ordained by the Apostolic See in his city of Glasgow, as being a place of renown and particularly well fitted therefor, where the air is mild, victuals are plentiful, and great store of other things pertaining to the use of man is found, to the end that there the Catholic faith may be spread, the simple instructed, equity in judgement upheld, reason flourish, the minds of men illuminated, and their understandings enlightened. We, having carefully considered the premises, and also the uncommon sincerity of faith and devotion which the said king is known to bear towards us and the Roman Church, are moved with fervent desire that the said city may be adorned with the gifts of the sciences, so that she may produce men distinguished for ripeness of judgement, crowned with the ornaments of virtue and erudite with the dignities of the various faculties and that there may be an overflowing fountain of the sciences, out of whose fullness all that desire to be imbued with the lessons of knowledge may drink. Having, therefore, with careful deliberation, deeply weighed all these things, and especially the suitableness of this city, which, as we have heard, is said to be particularly meet and well fitted for multiplying the seeds of learning and bringing forth of salutary fruits, not only for the advantage and the profit of the said city, but also of the indwellers and inhabitants of the whole kingdom of Scotland, and the regions lying round about, we, being moved with fatherly affection, and inclined by the supplications of the said king in that behalf, to the praise of God's name, and propagation of the orthodox faith, erect, by apostolical authority a university in the said city in all times to come for ever, as well in theology and canon and civil law as in arts, and every other lawful faculty. And that the doctors, masters, readers, and students there may brook and enjoy all and sundry privileges, liberties, honours, exceptions, and immunities granted by the apostolic see, or otherwise in any manner of way to the masters, doctors and students in the university of our city of Bologna: And that our reverend brother, William, bishop of Glasgow, and his successors for the time being, bishops of Glasgow, may be rectors, named chancellors, of the aforesaid university, who may have the same authority and power over the doctors, masters and scholars and others in the whole of this university, as have the rectors of the schools of the said university of Bologna. And that those who in process of time shall merit to obtain a diploma in the faculty in which they study, and licence to teach, that they may be able to instruct others; and also that those who seek the honour of master or doctor to be conferred on them, shall be presented by the doctor or doctors and master or masters of the faculty in which the examination is to be held, to the Bishop of Glasgow now and for the time being, and if the church of Glasgow lack the solace of a pastor, to the vicar or official in spiritual things of our beloved sons of the chapter of the said church. Which bishop, or vicar, or official, having called together the other doctors and masters then teaching there, shall diligently attend by himself or another to the examination of those that are to be promoted in those things which in any way are requisite for the degree of master or doctor, according to the wont and custom commonly observed in other universities, and shall bestow on them such licence, or confer such honour of mastership, if they shall be found fit and qualified for the same. And those who shall have been examined and approven in the said university of the city of Glasgow, and shall have got such licence to teach and degree, as aforesaid, shall thenceforth, without any other examination and approval, have full liberty to be regents and to teach, as well in the said city as in each and all other universities in which they shall choose to rule and teach, notwithstanding of any statues and customs, even although strengthened by oath, apostolic conformation, or any other guarantee, and whatsoever else there may be in the contrary, Let none therefore in any wise infringe this writing of our erection, constitution and appointment, or with foolhardy daring go in the contrary thereof; but if any one shall presume to attempt this, let him know that he shall incur the wrath of Almighty God, and of the blessed apostles Peter and Paul. Given at Rome, at St Peter's, the year of our Lords incarnation, one thousand four hundred and fifty, the seventh of the ides of January, and the fourth year of our pontificate.

The Papal Bull in its original Latin

NICOLAUS EPISCOPUS seruus seruorum Dei, ad perpetuam rei memoriam. Inter cetereas felicitates quas mortalis homo in hac labili vita ex dono Dei nancisci potest, ea non in ultimis computari meretur, quod per assiduum studium adipisci valet scientiae margaritam, que bene beateque viuendi viam prebet, ac peritum ab inperito sua preciositate longe facit excellere, et ad mundi archana cognoscenda dilucide introducit, suffragatur indoctis, et in infimo loco natos vehit in sublimes. Et propterea sedes apostolica, rerum spiritualium et eciam temporalium prouida ministratrix, et cuiusuis commendabilis exercitii perpetua et constans adiutrix, ut eo facilius homines ad tam excelsum humane condicionis fastigium acquirendum, et acquisitum in alios refundendum semper cum augmento inducantur, illos hortatur, eis loca preparat, illos iuvat et fovet, ac favoribus prosequitur graciosis. Cum itaque, sicut pro parte carissimi in Christo filii nostri Jacobi Scotorum Regis illustris nuper fuit expositum coram nobis, ipse rex, non solum ad utilitatem reipublice ac incolarum et habitatorum terrarum sibi subiectarum, sed eciam aliarum parcium vicinarum, laudabiliter intendens, in eius ciuitate Glasguensi, tanquam in loco insigni et valde accomodo, in quo aëris viget temperies, victualium ubertas, ceterarumque rerum ad usum humanum pertinentium copia reperitur, desideret plurimum fieri et ordinari per sedem apostolicam Studium Generale, in qualibet licita facultate, ut ibidem fides catholica dilatetur, erudiantur simplices, equitas seruetur iudicii, vigeat racio, illuminentur mentes et intellectus hominum illustrentur. Nos premissa, et eciam eximiam fidei ac deuocionis sinceritatem quam idem rex ad nos et Romanam ecclesiam gerere comprobatur, attente considerantes, feruenti desiderio ducimur quod ciuitas ipsa scienciarum ornetur muneribus, ita ut viros producat consilii maturitate conspicuos, virtutum redimitos ornatibus et diuersarum facultatum dignitatibus eruditos, sitque ibi scienciarum fons irrigans de cujus plenitudine hauriant vniuersi litterarum cupientes imbui documentis. Hiis igitur omnibus, et presertim ydonietate huius ciuitatis, que ut accepimus ad multiplicanda doctrine semina, et germina salutaria producenda, valde congrua et accommoda fore dicitur, diligenti examinacione pensatis, non solum ad ipsius ciuitatis, sed etiam incolarum et habitatorum totius regni Scocie, et regionum circum jacencium, commodum atque proficuum, paternis affectibus excitati, nec non ipsius regis in hac parte supplicacionibus inclinati, ad laudem divini nominis et orthodoxe fidei propagacionem, in eadem ciuitate Generale Studium autoritate apostolica erigimus, ac statuimus, et eciam ordinamus, ut in ipsa ciuitate de cetero studium hujusmodi perpetuis futuris temporibus vigeat, tam in theologia ac jure canonico et ciuili, quam in artibus et quauis alia licita facultate. Quodque doctores, magistri, legentes et studentes ibidem, omnibus et singulis priuilegiis, libertatibus, honoribus, exempcionibus, immunitatibus, per sedem apostolicam, vel alias quomodolibet, magistris, doctoribus et studentibus in studio nostre ciuitatis Bononiensis concessis, gaudeant et utantur. Ac venerabilis frater noster, Willelmus episcopus Glasguensis, ac successores sui qui pro tempore fuerint Glasguenses episcopi, prefati studii sint rectores, cancellarii nuncupati, qui habeant supra doctores, magistros, et scolares, ac alios de uniuersitate studii hujusmodi, similem facultatem et potestatem quam habent rectores scolarum dicti studii Bononiensis. Quodque illi, qui processu temporis brauium meruerint in facultate illa in qua studuerint obtinere, ac docendi licenciam ut alios erudire valeant; necnon magisterii seu doctoratus honorem petierint, eis largiri per doctorem seu doctore ac magistrum siue magistros facultatis ejusdem in qua examinacio fienda fuerit episcopo Glasguensi nunc et pro tempore existenti, et Glasguensi ecclesia pastoris solatio destituta, vicario seu officiali in spritualibus dilectorum filiorum capituli dicte ecclesie presententur. Quiquidem espiscopus, vel vicarius, seu officialis, aliis doctoribus et magistris ibidem tunc legentibus convocatis, promovendos eosdem in hiis que ad magisterii seu doctoratus honorem quomodolibet requiruntur, per se vel alium, juxta morem seu consuetudinem in aliis studiis obseruari solitos, examinare studeant diligenter, eisque, si ad hoc sufficientes et ydonei reperti fuerint, hujusmodi licenciam tribuat seu magisterii impendat honorem. Illi vero qui in eodem studio ciuitatis Glasguensis examinati et probati fuerint, ac docendi licenciam et honorem hujusmodi obtinuerint, ut prefertur, extunc, absque alia examinacione et probacione, deinceps regendi et docendi, tam in eadam ciuitate, quam in singulis aliis studiis generalibus in quibus regere et docere voluerint, plenam et liberam habeant facultatem, statutis et consuetudinibus eciam juramento confirmatione apostolica, vel quacunque firmitate alia vallatis, ceterisque contrariis non obstantibus quibuscunque. Nulli ergo omnino hominum liceat hanc paginam nostre ereccionis, constitucionis et ordinacionis, infringere, vel ei ausu temerario contrahire; si quis autem hoc attemptare presumpserit, indignationem omnipotentis Dei, et beatorum Petri et Pauli apostolorum ejus, se noverit incursurum. Datum Rome, apud Sanctum Petrum, anno incarnationis Dominice millesimo quadrigentesimo quinquagesimo, septimo Idus Januarii, pontificatus nostri anno quarto.

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So, you've decided to download an older version of Mac OS X. There are many reasons that could point you to this radical decision. To begin with, some of your apps may not be working properly (or simply crash) on newer operating systems. Also, you may have noticed your Mac's performance went down right after the last update. Finally, if you want to run a parallel copy of Mac OS X on a virtual machine, you too will need a working installation file of an older Mac OS X. Further down we'll explain where to get one and what problems you may face down the road.

A list of all Mac OS X versions

We'll be repeatedly referring to these Apple OS versions below, so it's good to know the basic macOS timeline.

STEP 1. Prepare your Mac for installation

Given your Mac isn't new and is filled with data, you will probably need enough free space on your Mac. This includes not just space for the OS itself but also space for other applications and your user data. One more argument is that the free space on your disk translates into virtual memory so your apps have 'fuel' to operate on. The chart below tells you how much free space is needed.

Note, that it is recommended that you install OS on a clean drive. Next, you will need enough disk space available, for example, to create Recovery Partition. Here are some ideas to free up space on your drive:

• Uninstall large unused apps
• Empty Trash Bin and Downloads
• Locate the biggest files on your computer:

Go to Finder > All My Files > Arrange by size
Then you can move your space hoggers onto an external drive or a cloud storage.
If you aren't comfortable with cleaning the Mac manually, there are some nice automatic 'room cleaners'. Our favorite is CleanMyMac as it's most simple to use of all. It deletes system junk, old broken apps, and the rest of hidden junk on your drive.

Download CleanMyMac for OS 10.4 - 10.8 (free version)

Download CleanMyMac for OS 10.9 (free version)

Voeux mac os. Download CleanMyMac for OS 10.10 - 10.14 (free version)

STEP 2. Get a copy of Mac OS X download

Normally, it is assumed that updating OS is a one-way road. That's why going back to a past Apple OS version is problematic. The main challenge is to download the OS installation file itself, because your Mac may already be running a newer version. If you succeed in downloading the OS installation, your next step is to create a bootable USB or DVD and then reinstall the OS on your computer.

How to download older Mac OS X versions via the App Store

If you once had purchased an old version of Mac OS X from the App Store, open it and go to the Purchased tab. There you'll find all the installers you can download. However, it doesn't always work that way. The purchased section lists only those operating systems that you had downloaded in the past. But here is the path to check it:

1. Click the App Store icon.
2. Click Purchases in the top menu.
3. Scroll down to find the preferred OS X version.
4. Click Download.

This method allows you to download Mavericks and Yosemite by logging with your Apple ID — only if you previously downloaded them from the Mac App Store.

Without App Store: Download Mac OS version as Apple Developer

If you are signed with an Apple Developer account, you can get access to products that are no longer listed on the App Store. If you desperately need a lower OS X version build, consider creating a new Developer account among other options. The membership cost is $99/year and provides a bunch of perks unavailable to ordinary users. Forgottenhell mac os.

Nevertheless, keep in mind that if you visit developer.apple.com/downloads, you can only find 10.3-10.6 OS X operating systems there. Newer versions are not available because starting Mac OS X Snow Leopard 10.7, the App Store has become the only source of updating Apple OS versions.

Purchase an older version of Mac operating system

You can purchase a boxed or email version of past Mac OS X directly from Apple. Both will cost you around $20. For the reason of being rather antiquated, Snow Leopard and earlier Apple versions can only be installed from DVD.

Buy a boxed edition of Snow Leopard 10.6
Get an email copy of Lion 10.7
Get an email copy of Mountain Lion 10.8

The email edition comes with a special download code you can use for the Mac App Store. Note, that to install the Lion or Mountain Lion, your Mac needs to be running Snow Leopard so you can install the newer OS on top of it.

How to get macOS El Capitan download

A list of all Mac OS X versions

We'll be repeatedly referring to these Apple OS versions below, so it's good to know the basic macOS timeline.

STEP 1. Prepare your Mac for installation

Given your Mac isn't new and is filled with data, you will probably need enough free space on your Mac. This includes not just space for the OS itself but also space for other applications and your user data. One more argument is that the free space on your disk translates into virtual memory so your apps have 'fuel' to operate on. The chart below tells you how much free space is needed.

Note, that it is recommended that you install OS on a clean drive. Next, you will need enough disk space available, for example, to create Recovery Partition. Here are some ideas to free up space on your drive:

• Uninstall large unused apps
• Empty Trash Bin and Downloads
• Locate the biggest files on your computer:

Go to Finder > All My Files > Arrange by size
Then you can move your space hoggers onto an external drive or a cloud storage.
If you aren't comfortable with cleaning the Mac manually, there are some nice automatic 'room cleaners'. Our favorite is CleanMyMac as it's most simple to use of all. It deletes system junk, old broken apps, and the rest of hidden junk on your drive.

Download CleanMyMac for OS 10.4 - 10.8 (free version)

Download CleanMyMac for OS 10.9 (free version)

Voeux mac os. Download CleanMyMac for OS 10.10 - 10.14 (free version)

STEP 2. Get a copy of Mac OS X download

Normally, it is assumed that updating OS is a one-way road. That's why going back to a past Apple OS version is problematic. The main challenge is to download the OS installation file itself, because your Mac may already be running a newer version. If you succeed in downloading the OS installation, your next step is to create a bootable USB or DVD and then reinstall the OS on your computer.

How to download older Mac OS X versions via the App Store

If you once had purchased an old version of Mac OS X from the App Store, open it and go to the Purchased tab. There you'll find all the installers you can download. However, it doesn't always work that way. The purchased section lists only those operating systems that you had downloaded in the past. But here is the path to check it:

1. Click the App Store icon.
2. Click Purchases in the top menu.
3. Scroll down to find the preferred OS X version.
4. Click Download.

This method allows you to download Mavericks and Yosemite by logging with your Apple ID — only if you previously downloaded them from the Mac App Store.

Without App Store: Download Mac OS version as Apple Developer

If you are signed with an Apple Developer account, you can get access to products that are no longer listed on the App Store. If you desperately need a lower OS X version build, consider creating a new Developer account among other options. The membership cost is $99/year and provides a bunch of perks unavailable to ordinary users. Forgottenhell mac os.

Nevertheless, keep in mind that if you visit developer.apple.com/downloads, you can only find 10.3-10.6 OS X operating systems there. Newer versions are not available because starting Mac OS X Snow Leopard 10.7, the App Store has become the only source of updating Apple OS versions.

Purchase an older version of Mac operating system

You can purchase a boxed or email version of past Mac OS X directly from Apple. Both will cost you around $20. For the reason of being rather antiquated, Snow Leopard and earlier Apple versions can only be installed from DVD.

Buy a boxed edition of Snow Leopard 10.6
Get an email copy of Lion 10.7
Get an email copy of Mountain Lion 10.8

The email edition comes with a special download code you can use for the Mac App Store. Note, that to install the Lion or Mountain Lion, your Mac needs to be running Snow Leopard so you can install the newer OS on top of it.

How to get macOS El Capitan download

If you are wondering if you can run El Capitan on an older Mac, rejoice as it's possible too. But before your Mac can run El Capitan it has to be updated to OS X 10.6.8. So, here are main steps you should take:

1. Install Snow Leopard from install DVD.
2. Update to 10.6.8 using Software Update.
3. Download El Capitan here.

'I can't download an old version of Mac OS X'

If you have a newer Mac, there is no physical option to install Mac OS versions older than your current Mac model. For instance, if your MacBook was released in 2014, don't expect it to run any OS released prior of that time, because older Apple OS versions simply do not include hardware drivers for your Mac.

But as it often happens, workarounds are possible. There is still a chance to download the installation file if you have an access to a Mac (or virtual machine) running that operating system. For example, to get an installer for Lion, you may ask a friend who has Lion-operated Mac or, once again, set up a virtual machine running Lion. Then you will need to prepare an external drive to download the installation file using OS X Utilities.

After you've completed the download, the installer should launch automatically, but you can click Cancel and copy the file you need. Below is the detailed instruction how to do it.

STEP 3. Install older OS X onto an external drive

The following method allows you to download Mac OS X Lion, Mountain Lion, and Mavericks.

1. Start your Mac holding down Command + R.
2. Prepare a clean external drive (at least 10 GB of storage).
3. Within OS X Utilities, choose Reinstall OS X.
4. Select external drive as a source.
5. Enter your Apple ID.

Now the OS should start downloading automatically onto the external drive. After the download is complete, your Mac will prompt you to do a restart, but at this point, you should completely shut it down. Now that the installation file is 'captured' onto your external drive, you can reinstall the OS, this time running the file on your Mac.

1. Boot your Mac from your standard drive.
2. Connect the external drive.
3. Go to external drive > OS X Install Data.

Locate InstallESD.dmg disk image file — this is the file you need to reinstall Lion OS X. The same steps are valid for Mountain Lion and Mavericks.

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How to downgrade a Mac running later macOS versions

If your Mac runs macOS Sierra 10.12 or macOS High Sierra 10.13, it is possible to revert it to the previous system if you are not satisfied with the experience. You can do it either with Time Machine or by creating a bootable USB or external drive.
Instruction to downgrade from macOS Sierra

Instruction to downgrade from macOS High Sierra

Instruction to downgrade from macOS Mojave

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Instruction to downgrade from macOS Catalina

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Before you do it, the best advice is to back your Mac up so your most important files stay intact. In addition to that, it makes sense to clean up your Mac from old system junk files and application leftovers. The easiest way to do it is to run CleanMyMac X on your machine (download it for free here).

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Visit your local Apple Store to download older OS X version

If none of the options to get older OS X worked, pay a visit to nearest local Apple Store. They should have image installations going back to OS Leopard and earlier. You can also ask their assistance to create a bootable USB drive with the installation file. So here you are. We hope this article has helped you to download an old version of Mac OS X. Below are a few more links you may find interesting.